Courses

MANDATORY

EVD 001: Biodiversity: from organisms to ecosystems

Syllabus:
What is biodiversity? What is biodiversity in my project? Indicators for monitoring biodiversity at different levels of organization in ecology. Functional diversity. 1- Introduction to Ecology and the Scientific Method. 2- Population Distributions. 3- Population Growth and Regulation. 4- Population Dynamics in Space and Time. 5- Community Structure. 6- Community Succession. 7- Movement of Energy in Ecosystems. 8- Movement of Elements in Ecosystems. 9- Landscape Ecology and Global Biodiversity. 10- Global Biodiversity Conservation.

TPI: 6-0-12

Bibliography:

Begon, M. & Townsend, C. R. 2023. Ecologia: de indivíduos a ecossistemas, 5 ed. Artmed, Porto Alegre.

Gaston, K.; Blackburn, T. M. 2000. Pattern and process in macroecology. Blackwell, London.

Morin, P. J. 2011. Community ecology. 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.

Noss, R. F.  1990. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology 4(4): 355-364. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2385928

Relyea, R. & Ricklefs, R. 2021. A economia da natureza. 8ª ed. Guanabara Koogan, Rio de Janeiro.

Rockwood, L. L. 2015. Introduction to population ecology. 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.

Rosenzweig, M. L. 1995. Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge University, Cambridge.

Turner, M. G. & Gardner, R. H.. 2015. Landscape ecology in theory and practice: pattern and process. 2nd ed. Springer, New York

EVD 002: Evolutionary Ecology

Syllabus:
Basic concepts in evolution: evolutionary mechanisms, Darwinian fitness, adaptation, and speciation. Life history: trade-offs between characters. Evolution of sex and sexual selection. Mating systems and parental investment. Social living. Cooperation and altruism. Competition. Consumer interactions: foraging and defense. Mutualisms.

TPI: 6-0-12

Bibliography:

EVD 003: Phylogenetic systematics

Syllabus:
History and philosophical foundations of systematics; schools of systematic thought. Concept of species and speciation processes; supra-specific taxa. Taxonomy, classification, and how to interpret a phylogenetic tree. Homology, homoplasy, character and character state, morphological and molecular characters. Phylogenomics. How to construct a phylogenetic tree: 1) delimitation of ingroup and outgroup, 2) character coding and assembly of matrices (morphological and alignment), 3) evolutionary models, 4) methods of phylogenetic inference (distance, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and bayesian analysis), 5) consensus, tree length, and support measures. Dating of phylogenies. Phylogenetic comparative methods: ancestral character reconstruction; phylogenetic signal of characters; diversification over time; phylogenetic diversity.

TPI: 6-0-12

Bibliography:

Amorim, D. S. 2002. Fundamentos de sistemática filogenética. Editora Holos, Ribeirão Preto.

de Pinna, M. C. C. 1991. Concepts and tests of homology in the cladistic paradigm. Cladistics, 7:367-394.

Felsenstein, J. 2004. Inferring Phylogenies, Sinauer Assoc. pp. xx + 664.

Lemey, P., Salemi, M., & Vandamme, A. M. (Eds.). 2009. The phylogenetic handbook: a practical approach to phylogenetic analysis and hypothesis testing. Cambridge University Press.

Nixon, K. C.; Carpenter, J. M. 1993. On outgroups. Cladistics 9:413-426.

Paradis, E. 2012. Analysis of Phylogenetics and Evolution with R (Vol. 2). New York: Springer.

Revell, L. J., & Harmon, L. J. 2022. Phylogenetic comparative methods in R. Princeton University Press.

Wiley, E. O.; Lieberman, B. S. 2011. Phylogenetics: theory and practice of phylogenetic systematics, 2 ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken.

EVD 004: Teaching Internship (MASTERS)

TPI: 2-0-0

EVD 005: Teaching Internship (DOCTORATE)

TPI: 2-0-0

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ELECTIVES

EVD 101: Field course

Syllabus:
The “Field Course” discipline has the main objective of providing students with an opportunity for practical application of theoretical concepts in the various areas dedicated to studies on Evolution and Diversity. Throughout the course, students will develop projects that will have as their central theme the interactions between organisms and between them and the environment. Students will be introduced to the main theories and current ideas and then encouraged to propose questions that can be answered through descriptions and/or experiments by developing their interdisciplinary projects. With this, students will go through the entire production of scientific knowledge, from the formulation of questions, proposition of a sampling design, data collection and analysis, and finally writing and presentation of results. The discipline is organized into theoretical modules that take place at the university and a practical module done in the field.

TPI: 4-4-16

Bibliography:

Altmann, J. 1974. Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behavior 49: 227-265.

Bertness, M. D.; Gaines, S. D.; Hay, M. E. 2001. Marine community ecology. Sinauer Associates, Inc.

Bridson, D; Forman, L. 1998. The herbarium handbook, 3 ed. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Departamento de Zoologia. 1967. Manual de coleta e preparação de animais terrestres e de água doce. Secretaria da Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo.

Kaufman, P. B. 1983. Practical botany. Reston Publishing, Reston.

Knudsen, J. W. 1966. Biological techniques: collecting, preserving, and illustrating plants and animals. Harper Row, New York.

Krebs, C. J. 1989. Ecological methodology, 2 ed. Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park.

Lehner, P. N. 1998. Handbook of ethological methods, 2 ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambrigde.

Littler, M. M.; Littler, D. 2008. Handbook of phycological methods, volume 4. Ecological field methods: macroalgae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Ludwig, J. A.; Reynolds, J. F. 1988. Statistical ecology: a primer in methods and computing. John Wiley Sons, New York.

Magurran, A. E. 2003. Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell, Malden.
Martin, P; Bateson, P. 2007. Measuring behaviour: an introductory guide. 3rd ed.

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Ministério do Meio Ambiente. 2007. Instrução normativa nº 154/2007. IBAMA, Brasília.
Nybakken, J. W. 2004. Marine biology: an ecological approach. 6th ed. Benjamin Cummings.

Papavero, N. 1994. Fundamentos práticos de taxonomia zoológica: coleções, bibliografia, nomenclatura. Editora UNESP e FAPESP.

Quinn, G.R.; Keough, M.J. 2002. Experimental design and data analysis for biologists. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Sokal, R. R.; Rohlf, F. J. 1994. Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research, 3 ed. W. H. Freeman & Company, New York.

Underwood, A. J. 1997. Experiments in ecology: their logical design and interpretation using analysis of variance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Zar, J. H. 2009. Biostatistical analysis, 5 ed. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.

EVD 102: Ecological data analysis

Syllabus:
Descriptive Statistics: tendency (arithmetic mean, geometric mean, mode, median, quartiles, percentiles), measures of dispersion (standard deviation, variance, standard error, coefficient of variation), and measures of shape (skewness and kurtosis). Formulation and Hypothesis Testing: types of errors (Type I and Type II), and hypothesis testing. Sampling Principles in Ecology: introduction to sampling concepts in ecology, including sampling design and determination of sample size. Regression and Correlation Analysis: application and interpretation of simple and multiple regression analyses, as well as correlation analysis.Uni and Bifactorial Analysis of Variance: understanding and application of uni and bifactorial analysis of variance, including multiple comparison tests. Categorical Data Analysis: introduction to contingency tables and tests such as Chi-Square, G Test, and Fisher’s Exact Test. Non-parametric Statistics: application of non-parametric tests for one sample, two related and independent samples, and k related and independent samples, including measures of correlation. Multivariate Analysis Techniques and Applications to Ecology and Systematics: application of techniques such as cluster analysis, discriminant function analysis, principal component analysis, multidimensional scaling, canonical correspondence analysis, and redundancy analysis.Multivariate Mean Comparison: application of multivariate mean comparison tests such as Hotelling’s T2, MANOVA, ANOSIM, and PERMANOVA.

TPI: 4-0-8

Bibliography:
Bussab, W. O.; Morettin, P. A. 2024. Estatística básica, 10a ed. Saraiva, São Paulo.

Gotelli, N. J.; Ellison, A. M. 2010. Princípios de estatística em ecologia. Artmed, Porto Alegre.

Jongman, R. H. G.; ter Braak, C. J. F.; van Tongeren, O. F. R. 1995. Data analysis in community and landscape ecology. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.

Legendre, P.; Legendre, L. 2012. Numerical ecology, 3 ed. Elsevier, Amsterdan.
Magnusson, W.; Mourão, G.; Costa, F. 2015. Estatística [sem] matemática: a ligação entre as questões e a análise. 2 ed. Editora Planta, Londrina.

Valentin, J. L. 2012. Ecologia numérica: Uma introdução à análise multivariada de dados ecológicos. Editora Interciência, Rio de Janeiro.

Zar, J. H. 2010. Biostatistical analysis, 5 ed. Pearson, Upper Saddle River.

EVD 104: Comparative biology and phylogeny of Metazoa

Syllabus:
Up-to-date approach of the phylogenetic studies on the main animal clades. Morpho-functional evolution of Metazoa considering different hypotheses on phylogenetic relationship among principal animal lineages. Relationship between developmental evolutionary biology and morphological evolution of Metazoa. 1- Body plans and evolution of development in Metazoa based on embryology and regulatory genes; 2- Comparative analysis of body plans in Metazoa, including homology, multicellularity, germ layers, organs and systems, body size and related evolutionary changes based on fossil record and living organisms; 3- Phylogenetic proposals based on morphological and molecular data; 4- Synthesis of the Metazoa clades, considering origin, evolution, diversity, classification and phylogeny.

TPI: 4-0-8

Bibliography:
Brusca, R. C.; Giribet, G.; Moore, W. 2023. Invertebrates. 4th ed. Sinauer Associates, Oxford University Press: New York, Oxford. 1104p.

Giribet, G.; Edgecombe, G. D. 2020. The invertebrate tree of life. 1st ed. Princeton University Press: Princeton, Oxford. 589p.

Kardong, K. V. 2022. Vertebrados: anatomia comparada, função e evolução. 7. ed. Guanabara Koogan: Rio de Janeiro. 772p.

Pough, F. H.; Bemis, W. E.; McGuire, B.; Janis, C. M. 2023. Vertebrate life. 11th ed. Sinauer Associates. Oxford University Press: New York, Oxford. 657p.

Schierwater, B.; DeSalle, R. 2021. Invertebrate zoology: a tree of life approach. 1st ed. CRC Press. 644p.

EVD 105: Conservation biology

Syllabus:
Present the ecological concepts that underlie conservation strategies and discuss the various perspectives and approaches involved in actions and planning in favor of biodiversity conservation. Conservation principles applied to different levels of biological diversity. Biodiversity concepts. Threats to biodiversity. Biodiversity conservation policies and strategies. Landscape Ecology. Fundamentals of management and restoration. What is Conservation Biology? Global diversity standards; Conservation values and ethics; Habitat fragmentation, degradation and pollution; Extinction and destruction of habitat; Introduction of exotic species and Over-exploitation; Dispersal of diseases and Problems of small populations (minimum viable populations); Ex Situ conservation strategies and legal protection of species (lists of threatened species – IUCN and Brazil, focusing on states); Priorities for protection, Planning and management of protected areas (SNUC); Conservation of ecological networks of mutualistic and antagonistic interactions and the use of phylogenies in conservation strategies; How to choose among more, unique or useful? Restoration Ecology.

TPI: 4-0-8

Bibliography:
Begon, M. & Townsend, C. R. 2023. Ecologia: de indivíduos a ecossistemas, 5 ed. Artmed, Porto Alegre.

Kormondy, E. J.; Brown, D. E. 2013. Ecologia humana. Atheneu, São Paulo.

Lewinsohn, T. M.; Prado, P. I. 2004. Biodiversidade brasileira. Contexto, São Paulo.

Meffe, G. K.; Carroll, C. R. 2006. Principles of conservation biology, 3 ed. Sinauer, Sunderland.

Primack, R. B.; Rodrigues, E. 2006. Biologia da conservação. Planta, Londrina.

Relyea, R. & Ricklefs, R. 2021. A economia da natureza. 8ª ed. Guanabara Koogan, Rio de Janeiro.

Rocha, C. F. D.; Bergallo, H. G.; Van Sluys, M.; Alves, M. A. S. 2006. Biologia da conservação: essências. Rima, São Carlos.

Towsend C. R.; Begon, M.; Harper, J. L. 2011. Fundamentos em ecologia, 3 ed. Artmed, Porto Alegre.

EVD 108: Plant Ecophysiology

Syllabus:
Study of the interaction between environment and physiology in plant growth and development, considering water stress, light stress, and nutritional deficiency as main factors. Aspects of evolutionary physiology, with emphasis on the adaptations of different species to adverse conditions. Evolution of photosynthetic metabolism in different plant groups. Consideration of the climate change scenario for the next century, in the physiological and biochemical context of plants. 1- Plant and the environment. 2- Energy balance in leaves. 3- Water relations. 4- Photosynthesis and respiration. 5- Carbon use and biomass accumulation. 6- Use of mineral elements. 7- Environmental influences on growth and development. 8- Stress in plants. 9- Role of plants in ecosystems and global processes.

TPI: 4-0-8

Bibliography:
Buchanan, B.B.; Gruissem, W.; Jones, R.L. 2000. Biochemistry and molecular biology of plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1406p.

Larcher, W. 2005. Ecofisiologia Vegetal. Rima Editora, 531p.

Lambers, H; Chapin III, F.S; Pons, T. 2008. Plant Physiological Ecology. 2nd edition. Springer-Verlag, 610p.

Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. 2010. Plant Physiology (5th edition). Sinauer, 782p.

EVD 109: Oceanic Culture

Syllabus:
To present the multidimensionality of the Ocean, aiming at the knowledge and proposition of interdisciplinary research involving marine organisms and environments. A) Introduction to the seven principles of ocean literacy: 1. Earth has one global and very diverse Ocean; 2. The Ocean and marine life have a strong action on the dynamics of Earth; 3. The Ocean is poorly understood; 4. The Ocean is an interconnected system; 5. The Ocean is important for the quality of life on Earth; 6. The Ocean and marine life are influenced by human activities; 7. The Ocean deserves and requires careful and sustainable use. B) Examples of scientific work and discussion on the main current issues regarding marine conservation. C) Field trip and proposition of research projects in marine ecology.

TPI: 3-1-8

Bibliography:
Bertness, M. D.; Gaines, S. D.; Hay M. E. 2001. Marine community ecology. Sinauer, Sunderland.
Castro, P.; Huber, M.E., 2012. Biologia Marinha. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: AMGH. ISBN 978-85-8055-103-7.

Crespo, R.; Soares, A. 2009. Biologia marinha, 2 ed. Interciência, Rio de Janeiro.
Garrison, T., 2015. Fundamentos de Oceanografia – Tradução da 7a edição norte-americana. 2a edição brasileira. São Paulo: Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1-285-75386-7.

Gianesella, S. M. F.; Saldanha-Corrêa, F.M.P., 2010. Sustentabilidade dos oceanos. São Paulo: Blucher, 2010. Série sustentabilidade; v. 7, José Goldemberg (coordenador). ISBN 978-85-212-0577-7.

Kritzer, J. P.; Sale, P. F. 2006. Marine metapopulations. Elsevier, Burlington.
Levinton, J. S. 2008. Marine biology: function, biodiversity, ecology, 3 ed. Oxford University Press, New York.
Murray, S. N; Ambrose, R.; Dethier, M. N. 2006. Monitoring rocky shores. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Nybakken, J. W. 2004. Marine biology: and ecological approach. 6th ed. Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park.

EVD 111: Population genetics and microevolution

Syllabus:
History and basic concepts of genetics. Detecting and quantifying genetic variability in populations. Allelic and genotypic frequencies and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Evolutionary mechanisms and their consequences for the genetic variability of populations. Models of natural selection, inbreeding, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow. Effective population size. Neutralist theory. Coalescent theory. Phenotypic evolution. Population genetic structure. Fundamentals of landscape genetics. Fundamentals of phylogeography. Concept of species and speciation.

TPI: 4-0-8

Bibliography:

Avise, J. C. 2000. Phylogeography: the history and formation of species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

Balkenhol, N.; Cushman, S. A.; Storfer, A. T.;  Waits, L. P. (eds.) 2016. Landscape genetics: concepts, methods, applications. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken.

Freeland, J. R. 2020. Molecular Ecology, 3 ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken.

Futuyma, D. J.; Kirkpatrick, M. 2017. Evolution, 4 ed. Sinauer, Sunderland.

Hartl, D. L. 2020. Primer of population genetics and genomics, 4 ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Hartl, D. L.; Clark, A. G. 2010. Princípios de genética de populações, 4 ed. Artmed, Porto Alegre.

National Academy of Sciences. 2017. In the Light of Evolution: Volume X: Comparative Phylogeography. John C. Avise and Francisco J. Ayala, Editors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/23542.

Rajora, O. P. (ed.) 2019. Population genomics: concepts, approaches and applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04589-0.

Ridley, M. 2007. Evolução, 3 ed. Artmed, Porto Alegre.
Templeton, A. 2021. Population genetics and microevolutionary theory, 2 ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken.

EVD 112: Genetics and molecular evolution

Syllabus:
Structure and physicochemical properties of nucleic acids. The molecular mechanisms of hereditary character transmission, mutation, and DNA repair mechanisms. Mechanisms of gene expression control in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and recombinant DNA methodology. Organization and evolution of genomes, genes, and proteins. Utilization of bioinformatics techniques for molecular evolution studies. 1) Structure and physicochemical properties of nucleic acids and the central dogma. 2) Mutation, repair mechanisms, and recombination. 3) Principles and applications of recombinant DNA techniques: DNA and RNA isolation, gene isolation and cloning, polymerase chain reaction, recombinant protein expression, direct and indirect methods of DNA sequence detection for the study of genetic variation. 4) Genomic organization of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. 5) Molecular evolution, types and rates of mutation, molecular clock, and principles of molecular dating. 6) Homology of molecular data and sequence alignment; applications of likelihood and Bayesian inference for the study of molecular evolution; substitution models. 7) Phylogenetic inferences using molecular data. 8) Applications of phylogenetic comparative methods for microevolutionary and macroevolutionary studies. 9) Molecular databases.

TPI: 4-0-8

Bibliography:

Alberts, B.; Johnson, A.; Lewis, J.; Raff, M.; Roberts, K.; Walter, P. 2008. Molecular biology of the cell, 5 ed. Garland Science, New York.

Griffiths, A. J. F.; Wessler, S. R.; Lewontin, R. C.; Gelbart, W. M.; Suzuki, D. T. 2009. Introdução à genética, 9 ed. Guanabara Koogan, Rio de Janeiro.

Lewin, B. 2009. Genes IX. Editora Artmed, Porto Alegre.

Lodish, H.; Berk, A.; Matsudaira, P.; Kaiser, C. A.; Krieger, M.; Scott, M. P.; Zipursky, L.; Darnell, J. 2007. Molecular cell biology, 6 ed. W.H. Freeman, New York.

Nei, M. 2000. Molecular evolution and phylogenetics. Oxford University Press, New York.

Sambrook, J. 2012. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 4ed. (3 Volume Set). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, US.

Voet, D.; Voet, J. D. Fundamentos de bioquímica, 3 ed. 2006. Artmed, Porto Alegre.

Watson, J. D.; Baker, T. A.; Bell, S. P.; Gann, A.; Levine, M.; Losick R. 2007. Molecular biology of the gene, 6 ed. Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park.

EVD 113: Comparative genomics

Syllabus:
Genomes of Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya, and Viruses. Comparative gene structure and expression for evolutionary studies. Application of bioinformatics techniques and software for evolutionary studies in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and interactomics. Functional molecular adaptation. 1) Comparison of the genomic organization of the Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya, and virus groups. 2) Comparative gene structure and expression, coding and non-coding RNAs. 3) Adaptation, molecular divergences, and convergences. 4) Proteins: sequence, function, post-translational modifications, structure, and molecular interactions. 5) Basic programming techniques for bioinformatics studies. 6)Transcriptomics, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and interactomics, discussion of model organisms and bioinformatics practices.

TPI: 4-0-8

Bibliography:

Alberts, B.; Johnson, A.; Lewis, J.; Raff, M.; Roberts, K.; Walter, P. 2007. Molecular biology of the cell. Garland Science, New York.

Baxevanis, A. D.; Ouellette, B. F. F. 2004. Bioinformatics – a practical guide to the analysis of genes and proteins. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken.

Gu, J.; Bourne, P. E. 2009. Structural bioinformatics. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken.

Lehninger, A. L.; Nelson, D. L.; Cox, M. M. 2006. Princípios de bioquímica, 4. ed. Savier, São Paulo.

Lemey, P.; Salemi, M.; Vandamme, A-M. 2009. The phylogenetic handbook: a practical approach to phylogenetic analysis and hypothesis testing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Lesk, A. M. 2007. Introduction to genomics. Oxford University Press, New York.

Mushegian, A. R. 2007. Foundations of comparative genomics. Elsevier, Burlington.

Nei, M. 2000. Molecular evolution and phylogenetics. Oxford University Press, New York.

Petsko, G. A.; Ringe, D. 2003. Protein structure and function. Sinauer, Sunderland.

Sensen, C. W. 2005. Handbook of genome research: genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, bioinformatics, ethical & legal issues. Wiley-VHC, Weinhein.

EVD 114: Macroevolution: patterns and processes

Syllabus:
Patterns and processes related to the rise and evolution of higher taxa. The fossil record and its meaning to understand evolution. Genetic and geological mechanisms that modulate the evolution of terrestrial biota on continental and macroevolutionary scales. 1- History of debates on macroevolutionary patterns and processes. 2- Geological time scale and the significance of Deep Time in Evolutionary Biology. 3- Patterns of diversification, paleontological record and its meaning to studies on macroevolutionary dynamics. 4- Mass extinctions and their causes. 5- The importance of global tectonic and climatic processes on the dynamics of terrestrial biota evolution. 6- Rates of evolution, speciation and extinction of large taxonomic groups. 7- Main events in the Earth History and their relationship with the history of the main lineages of organisms. 8- Important genetic processes related to the emergence of evolutionary novelties from a macro-evolutionary point of view. 8- Punctuated equilibrium and phyletic gradualism.

TPI: 4-0-8

Bibliography:

Foote, M.; Miller, A. I. 2007. Principles of paleontology, 3 ed. W. H. Freeman, New York.

Freeman, S.; Herron, J. C. 2009. Análise evolutiva, 4 ed. Artmed, Porto Alegre.

Futuyma, D. J. 2005. Evolution. Sinauer, Sunderland.

Gould, S. J. 2002. The structure of evolutionary theory. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

Levinton, J. S. 2004. Genetics, paleontology, and macroevolution. Cambridge University Press.

Ridley, M. 2006. Evolução. 3 ed. Artmed, Porto Alegre.

Ruse, M.; Travis, J. 2009. Evolution: the first four billion years. Belknap Press of Harvard, Cambridge.

EVD 120: Evolutionary biogeography

Syllabus:
Introduction and history of Biogeography; Geographic distribution and maps; Ecological Niche and Species Distribution Modeling; Endemism and Regionalization; Principles of Systematics; Pattern-based Historical Biogeography; Processes-based Historical Biogeography; Conservation Biogeography.

TPI: 2-2-8

Bibliography:

AMORIN, D. S. 2002. Fundamentos de Sistemática Filogenética. Ribeirão Preto: Holos Editora. 156 pp. ISBN 8586699365

CARVALHO, C. J. B.; ALMEIDA, E. A. B. 2016. Biogeografia da América do Sul. Análise de Tempo, Espaço e Forma. 2a edição. 

GUISAN, A.; THUILLER, W.; ZIMMERMANN, N. E. Habitat Suitability and Distribution Models: With Applications in R. 2017. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 

LADLE, R. J. & WHITTAKER, R. J. 2011. Conservation biogeography. Wiley–Blackwell. 

LOMOLINO, M. V.; RIDDLE, B. R.; WHITTAKER, R. J. 2016. Biogeography. Fifth Edition. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. 

MATZKE, N. J. 2013. Probabilistic Historical Biogeography: New models for founder-event speciation, imperfect detection, and fossils allow improved accuracy and model-testing. Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley. August 2013. Order No. 3616487, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, pp. 1-240. Open-access at: http://search.proquest.com/docview/1526024556 

MORRONE, J. J. 2009. Evolutionary Biogeography: an integrative approach with case studies. New York: Columbia University press. 

MORRONE, J. J. 2009. Evolutionary Biogeography: an integrative approach with case studies. New York: Columbia University press, 304 pp. ISBN: 978-0231143783

PARENTI, L. R.; EBACH, M. C. 2009. Comparative Biogeography. Discovering and classifying biogeographical patterns of a dynamic Earth. Berkeley: University of California Press.

EVD 121: Evolutionary Biology of Plants

Syllabus:
The origin and diversification of plants, presenting the synapomorphies of the major plant groups. The impact of plant evolution on life on the planet. Genome structure. The role of chromosomal changes and genome size variations in plant evolutionary processes. Species concepts in plants. Speciation processes (allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric). Hybridization and polyploidy in plants: genetic, morphological, and ecological consequences. Reconstruction of ancestral characters: Study of characters (morphological, cytogenetic, or ecological) in the light of evolution. Phylogenetic comparative methods.

TPI: 4-0-8

Bibliography:

Coyne, J. A.; Orr, H. A. 2004. Speciation. Sinauer, Sunderland. 

Gregory T. G. 2005. The evolution of the genome. 1ed. Elsevier Academic Press. London.

Levin D. A. 2002. The role of chromosomal change in plant evolution. 1ed. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 

Simpson, M. G. 2019. Plant systematics. 3° ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic press, 774p.

Willis K. J., McElwain J. C. 2014. The evolution of plants. 2ed. Oxford University Press. Oxford.